DNA-based memory devices for recording cellular events DNA-based memory devices for recording cellular events, Published online: 20 September 2018; doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0052-8 In this Review, Sheth and Wang describe emerging synthetic biology approaches for using DNA as a memory device for recording
Computational tools to unmask transposable elements
Computational tools to unmask transposable elements Computational tools to unmask transposable elements, Published online: 19 September 2018; doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0050-x The repetitive nature of transposable elements (TEs) creates bioinformatic challenges that frequently result in them being disregarded (‘masked’) in analyses. As physiological
Progress and potential in organoid research
Progress and potential in organoid research Progress and potential in organoid research, Published online: 18 September 2018; doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0051-9 Organoids are 3D structures derived from stem cells that recapitulate some key characteristics of real organs. The authors review recent progress in
The girl with Neanderthal and Denisovan parents
The girl with Neanderthal and Denisovan parents The girl with Neanderthal and Denisovan parents, Published online: 12 September 2018; doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0054-6 A study in Nature characterizes the genome of Denisova 11 and reveals her to be a first-generation offspring of Neanderthal
Full speed ahead for single-cell analysis
Full speed ahead for single-cell analysis Full speed ahead for single-cell analysis, Published online: 28 August 2018; doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0049-3 A study in Nature describes RNA velocity, which is a computational method to derive dynamic gene expression information from static single-cell RNA
Liposomal Bupivacaine Efficacy for Post-Operative Pain Following Posterior Vaginal Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial
Effective post-operative pain management is a crucial component of recovery following surgery. Narcotics are a cornerstone of post-operative analgesia, but can require a re-dosing requirement, encompass a lengthy list of side effects and adverse reaction risks as well as carry
Trends in pregnancy-associated mortality involving opioids in the United States, 2007-2016
Early Preterm Preeclampsia Outcomes by Intended Mode of Delivery
The optimal route of delivery in early onset preeclampsia before 34 weeks is debated, as many clinicians are reluctant to proceed with induction for perceived high risk of failure.
Interpersonal trauma and aging-related genitourinary dysfunction in a national sample of older women
Among reproductive-aged women, exposure to interpersonal trauma is associated with genitourinary symptoms. Little is known about the relationship between these exposures and the genitourinary health of older women, who tend to experience different and more prevalent genitourinary symptoms due to
Association of levator injury and urogynecological complaints in women after their first vaginal birth with and without mediolateral episiotomy
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common health problem in women and has a negative influence on quality of life. A major cause of POP is levator injury.
Screening for colon and rectal cancer in average‐risk adults
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 68, Issue 4, Page 282-283, July/August 2018.
Combined physiologic and excisional therapies improve cancer‐related lymphedema outcomes
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 68, Issue 4, Page 237-239, July/August 2018.
Patient selection and timing of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed follicular lymphoma
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 68, Issue 4, Page 235-236, July/August 2018.
Cancer screening in the United States, 2018: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 68, Issue 4, Page 297-316, July/August 2018.
Colorectal cancer screening for average‐risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society
CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, Volume 68, Issue 4, Page 250-281, July/August 2018.
Diversity of scholarship in medical ethics
In their essay arguing for ethical review of social research, Sheehan et al write: Inquiry and human life are intertwined and interdependent. To be human is to be curious, to ask questions about yourself, the world, and your place in the world.
When slippery slope arguments miss the mark: a lesson from one against physician-assisted death
In 1989, Susan Wolf convincingly warned of a troublesome consequence that should discourage any movement in American society towards physician-assisted death—a legal backlash against the gains made for limiting life-sustaining treatment. The authors demonstrate that this dire consequence did not
Transplants for non-lethal conditions: a case against hand transplantation in minors
Human allografts for life-threatening organ failure have been demonstrated to be lifesaving and are now considered to be standard of care for many conditions. Transplantation of non-vital anatomic body parts has also been accomplished. Hand transplantation after limb loss in
How important is social support in determining patients suitability for transplantation? Results from a National Survey of Transplant Clinicians
Background National guidelines require programmes use subjective assessments of social support when determining transplant suitability, despite limited evidence linking it to outcomes. We examined how transplant providers weigh the importance of social support for kidney transplantation compared with other factors,
Respectful care of human dignity: how is it perceived by patients and nurses?
Objective Dignified care protects the patient’s rights and provides appropriate ethical care while improving the quality of nursing care. In this context, the opinions of nurses and patients who receive nursing care about dignified care are important. The aim of
Highlights for September 25, 2018
Genetics, Biochemistry and “Simple” Organisms Converge to Unlock Secrets in Histone Biology
In this Viewpoint, 2018 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award winners Michael Grunstein and C. David Allis discuss the discovery and influence of histones on human genetic expression.
The Discovery and Development of Propofol Anesthesia
In this Viewpoint, 2018 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award winner John B. Glen discusses the discovery and development of propofol, one of the most widely used anesthetics for patient care.
Reducing Maternal Mortality in the United States
This Viewpoint suggests strategies for reducing maternal mortality in the United States, including creation of a national maternal mortality surveillance system, use of maternal safety bundles within health systems, and improving access to quality health care for all women.
The Acute Stroke Care Revolution
This Viewpoint reviews evidence of the benefits of thrombectomy for patients with ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion, and details the systems of care that need to be developed to ensure that all patients who might benefit from the
Highlights from this issue
Effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection at the end of vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage related to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (see page 1351) In a prospective multicenter randomised study, intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide at the end of vitrectomy was associated
Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery – coming of age
The BJO is primarily a clinical and scientific journal and rarely comments on commercial activities. Nevertheless, the recent developments in the field of glaucoma surgery,1 merit some comment. An area that has traditionally failed to attract significant commercial interest has
Suture snare technique for scleral fixation of intraocular lenses and capsular tension devices
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) suture is preferred for scleral fixation of intraocular lenses or capsular tension devices as it is more resilient to breakage than polypropylene 10–0. However, manipulation of the thick calibre and overcurved configuration of the Gore-Tex needle within the eye
Prevalence of refractive errors in Colombia: MIOPUR study
Purpose To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in Colombia and its relations with demographic and socioeconomic variables. Methods A cross-sectional study performed in 10 Colombian administrative districts (MIOPUR study), including children and adolescents from 8 to 17 years old
Strengthening the links between mapping, planning and global engagement for disease elimination: lessons learnt from trachoma
Background Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness. Until recently, reliable data on the global extent of the disease, detailed plans for elimination, and government, donor and partner engagement were all inadequate. Methods The trachoma community undertook a systematic, three-pronged strategy
p16
The p16 gene belongs to INK4 family of genes and is made up of four members: p16 INK4A, p15 INK4B, p18 INK4C and p19 INK4D, all of which share biological properties, namely, inhibition of cell growth and tumour suppression. After
Introducing the Journal of Clinical Pathology Grand Rounds: a new multidisciplinary clinical pathology forum
In this month’s issue, we introduce a prototype article for a new section, the JCP Grand Rounds (see pages 860). The articles are meant to centre around a case report and provide an in-depth discussion of interesting cases with a multidisciplinary
Two-year-old girl with tuberous xanthomas
Clinical presentation A 2-year-old girl was referred for evaluation because she had two nodular lesions located on both heels, and another elongated lesion in the intergluteal cleft. On physical examination, two yellow to orange well-defined nodules, suggestive of xanthomas, were
Contrasting effects of sterols on metabolism
Phytosterolaemia,1 causing severe atherosclerosis,2 illustrates the stringent requirements for sterols in membranes and the impact of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor on metabolism, but is not associated with malformations seen with sterol biosynthetic defects. Membranes contain hopanoids3 in bacteria and a
Sitosterolaemia: a rare cause of accelerated atherosclerosis
Sitosterolaemia is a very rare disease—only about 100 individuals with the condition have been described in the medical literature.1 It is caused by mutations in the ABCG5 or ABCG8 genes, which code for the two subunits of the heterodimeric G5G8
Being PrEPared — Preexposure Prophylaxis and HIV Disparities
If current trends persist, one in six U.S. men who have sex with men will be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in their lifetime, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This prediction highlights the long
Payment and Delivery-System Reform — The Next Phase
After nearly a decade of experimentation with value-based payment (VBP), U.S. health care payers, providers, and purchasers are confronting uneven adoption of new care guidelines, modest early results, and still-unacceptable gaps in spending and quality. In determining what comes next,
Effect of Aspirin on Disability-free Survival in the Healthy Elderly
Several large, randomized trials have shown the efficacy of aspirin for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease among persons with a history of coronary heart disease or stroke. The evidence supporting a benefit of aspirin therapy in the primary prevention
Effect of Aspirin on All-Cause Mortality in the Healthy Elderly
The Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial was a primary prevention trial that was established to investigate whether the daily use of 100 mg of enteric-coated aspirin would prolong the healthy life span of older adults. The
Effect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly
Dramatic increases in life expectancy over the past century have led to a substantial demographic shift toward an aging society in many countries. Thus, maintaining good health in older persons is an increasingly important public health aim. Cardiovascular diseases are
Nintedanib plus Sildenafil in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by a decline in lung function, dyspnea, and impaired health-related quality of life. Recurrent epithelial injury, accelerated aging, and aberrant cellular repair mechanisms, resulting in excess deposition of extracellular matrix, are viewed as…
Is occupational biomass smoke exposure an overlooked driver of respiratory health?
Universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services by 2030 is a target under the Sustainable Development Goals. Lack of access to modern energy is responsible for a high burden of respiratory and cardiovascular ill health, a burden falling
Effects of office workstation type on physical activity and stress
Objective Office environments have been causally linked to workplace-related illnesses and stress, yet little is known about how office workstation type is linked to objective metrics of physical activity and stress. We aimed to explore these associations among office workers
Associations between occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene and risk of lung cancer in Montreal
Background Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) are aromatic hydrocarbons with inconclusive evidence of lung carcinogenicity. The aim of this research was to assess the associations between occupational exposures to BTX agents and lung cancer. Methods In a population-based case-control study
Long-term effects on income and sickness benefits after work-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy and individual job support: a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial
Background There is moderate quality evidence that integrating work-directed interventions and components from psychological therapies reduces sickness absence in the medium term. We aimed to extend this evidence by examining objectively ascertained income and work participation status up to 4
Burden of respiratory abnormalities in microwave popcorn and flavouring manufacturing workers
Objectives Diacetyl, a butter flavour compound used in food and flavouring production, is a respiratory toxin. We characterised the burden of respiratory abnormalities in workers at popcorn and flavouring manufacturing facilities that used diacetyl as evaluated through US National Institute
Phase 2 Trial of Selective Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibition in Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disorder that impairs patients’ physical health, quality of life, and work productivity. Almost one fifth of affected persons have moderate-to-severe disease, with extensive skin involvement affecting at least 3% of the body-surface area. Systemic treatments…
Crossing Borders
By my third time caring for John, there was a certain familiarity in our interactions. An overweight white man with salt-and-pepper hair, John was in his early 50s and lived with his father. He’d been a successful chef but struggled
The Violence of Uncertainty — Undermining Immigrant and Refugee Health
Hawa rushed her husband Ahmed to the emergency department when she found him unconscious. For months, Ahmed had refused to go to the hospital because he knew Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officers were nearby. Ahmed is a U.S. citizen,
Voluntary Euthanasia — Implications for Organ Donation
In 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada decided to decriminalize medical assistance in dying for patients who are experiencing “grievous and irremediable” suffering. The next year, the Canadian government passed legislation that permits physicians to hasten the death of a
Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Hand Procedures
Black Hairy Tongue
A 55-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital after sustaining a severe crush injury to both legs in a motor vehicle accident. A polymicrobial wound infection developed, and she received treatment with intravenous meropenem and oral minocycline. Black discoloration of
Imaging Coronary Anatomy and Reducing Myocardial Infarction
In 1998, the Journal published one of the early studies evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA), as compared with invasive coronary angiography, for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease. Subsequent studies have established that…
Coronary CT Angiography and 5-Year Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Patients with stable chest pain suggestive of coronary heart disease can be evaluated with a variety of noninvasive stress tests that incorporate electrocardiography, radionuclide scintigraphy, echocardiography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Over the past 50 years or more, these techniques have…
Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Human Disease
It is well known that cells release fluid-filled sacs (vesicles) to the extracellular environment during cell death, or apoptosis, but it has been increasingly recognized that healthy cells may also release vesicles in the process of normal functions. Vesicles that
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