Pediatri

September marks the beginning of a new academic year in many countries. School is a place for learning, development, and friendship; yet, for many children and adolescents, school—and academic pressure in particular—can also be a source of stress and unhappiness.

The COVID-19 pandemic was managed with lockdown, social distancing, mask-wearing and vaccination. Babies experienced societal isolation and encountered mask-wearing. There was speculation about whether COVID-19 mitigation measures, including mask-wearing, would impact child development.1 Deficits were identified in early communication skills

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

Two-year outcomes following a randomised platelet-transfusion trial in preterm infants It is great to see the 2 year outcomes of the PlaNeT-2/MATISSE (Platelets for Neonatal Transfusion-2/Management of Thrombocytopenia in Special Subgroup) study in the journal. This randomised-controlled trial examined the

TimingPnomh Penh 22.10 After a protracted delivery and some unexpected hesitancy after the cord is deftly cut by the obstetrician, Achariya draws her first breath under the glare of the maternity theatre lamp. Lusaka 17.10 Had her parents delayed leaving

According to the latest UNAIDS Global AIDS Update, The Path That Ends AIDS, 2022 saw the fewest new HIV infections globally since the late 1980s. Countries putting people and communities first, and investing in evidence-based HIV prevention and treatment programmes,

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

Background Neonatal mortality due to tetanus persists in Uganda despite the mandatory vaccination of pregnant mothers. Maternal antibodies wane within a year. Uganda’s maternal vaccination guidelines do not specify the timing or frequency of tetanus shots, contributing to suboptimal transfer

OK. I’ll come clean. Occasionally, I procrastinate. Both editorially and clinically if an acute situation doesn’t demand an instant response. There it is, I’ve said it now: out in the open for all to see. This, though, can be advantageous,

The Third Global Consultation on the Health of Refugees and Migrants kicked off in June, 2023, with the adoption of the Rabat Declaration, an expression of heightened commitment from the UN towards refugees and migrants through more inclusive national health

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

Progress on key health indicators has stalled in the decade since 2000–15, according to the 2023 World Health Statistics report. One of the areas with slowest progress is anaemia—an indicator of poor health and nutrition with a substantial burden among

It was only after the trunk was disinterred… Swathed in fluorescent peach reflective stripes, the search party had set off, torches aloft, in the penumbral half-light, eager, zestful and optimistic. Their task, the exhumation and recovery of a box of

When to treat with surfactant? More than 30 years after surfactant treatment came into widespread use for preterm infants there is still a lot of variation in practice. Thresholds for treatment in infants who are stabilised on non-invasive respiratory support

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

The last consumptive History is literally littered with examples of interventions which enjoyed a Warholian 15 min in the limelight. Without these ideas being aired though, there would have been no progression, no evolution of thinking. They should, therefore, be

Older childhood and adolescence (5–19 years) is generally seen as a healthier phase of life where people are less vulnerable to the infectious and nutritional diseases of the early years, and not yet as burdened by chronic diseases of lifestyle

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

Surfactant nebulisation in the delivery room In search of what would be truly non-invasive surfactant administration, Vincent Gaertner and colleagues investigated whether surfactant nebulisation in the delivery room immediately after birth would improve initial lung aeration in preterm infants born

‘Take 5’ The camera swings smoothly from the penumbral apartment view to a vertiginous angle above the staircase. The sole source of illumination a swaying, flickering lightbulb too intermittent to allow you to determine whether the silhouette near the cellar

E-cigarette use is increasingly widespread among adolescents worldwide. In 2022, 11·3% of middle and high school students (3·08 million) in the USA reported past 30-day use of any tobacco products, with the vast majority (9·4%) using e-cigarettes and 3·5% using

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

Millions of children worldwide live or work on the streets to escape poverty, domestic abuse, conflict, and trafficking. They grow up enduring exploitation, hazardous labour, and violence, with some relying on begging or crime to secure basic food and shelter.

Sox It’s not as if the clues weren’t there. Once the cache of documents (many calligraphically etched) were disinterred from the mahogany box under cobweb-veiled trapdoor beside the ever-penumbral fork in the forest trail, events moved quickly. The chronology, ultimately

In the Original Investigation titled “Telehealth Treatment of Behavior Problems in Young Children With Developmental Delay: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” published online January 9, 2023, the Results section of the Abstract and article body incorrectly listed children’s age in years

The Levels & Trends in Estimates Report 2023, published by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality on Jan 10, estimates that more than 7 million children and adolescents died in 2021. Behind this figure is a remarkable achievement in

Travelling light? Some of us find the process of packing for a trip, tough. I consider myself lucky not to have this gene, but, sympathise with those who need to factor in variables from the medium term weather forecast in

Caffeine for late preterm infants? Elizabeth Oliphant and colleagues report the outcomes of a double-blind placebo controlled randomised dosage trial of caffeine for late preterm infants. Their focus was on finding a suitable dose to prevent intermittent hypoxaemic (IH) events

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

Introduction The South African government responded swiftly to the first wave of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with a nationwide lockdown. Initial restrictions from March–July 2020 required people to stay at home unless accessing essential, life-saving services. We sought to understand how

Intensifying drought in the Horn of Africa throughout 2022 doubled the number of children facing severe thirst, hunger, and disease—from 10 million to 20·2 million—between July and December. The current drought, the region’s worst in 40 years, has also facilitated

Ovine or ursine? Human behavioural phenotypes are complex and the debate around relative contribution(s) of genetics, epigenetics and environment (however defined) are likely (however loudly each proponent shouts) insoluble. Chacun à son gout. Whatever our whole exome sequence predicts for

Objective To estimate the prevalence of overweight at 12 months in an Italian birth cohort and to identify factors related to an increased likelihood of being overweight. Methods The Italian NASCITA birth cohort was analysed. Infants were classified as underweight

The Original Investigation titled “Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation for Pregnant Smokers on Offspring Airway Function and Wheeze at Age 5 Years: Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial,” published online November 21, 2022, listed incomplete and inaccurate Funding/Support information regarding

What’s new in the management of neonatal early-onset sepsis? Noa Fleiss and colleagues compare and contrast professional guidelines for the management of early onset neonatal sepsis from the UK and the USA. Although these are evidence based, the limitations of

Tell-tale smudges It’s only when you look really closely at the family cartological heirlooms, the yellowing atlases from the early 20th century, that the changes startle. Many of the outlines are familiar (plate tectonics and continental outlines metamorphosing at a

The shocking inquest findings on 2-year-old Awaab Ishak’s death in December, 2020, from a respiratory condition caused by prolonged exposure to mould in his home have highlighted the dire living conditions of many children in the UK. Concluding the inquest

In the Original Investigation titled “Incidence of Kawasaki Disease Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: Results of the 26th Nationwide Survey, 2019 to 2020” published online on October 17, 2022, there was a typographical error in Figure 1.

Though deliberately moved back to mid- autumn to avoid the blistering July heat, the Mexico City Olympics could only be described as gold-medal-sultry. Add to this, the altitude, advantageous only for the short sprints where the reduced air resistance gave

Physical activity is an integral part of a healthy childhood and adolescence. For 5–17 year olds, WHO recommends 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity, which can involve walking, cycling, recreational sports, and active play. However, the new WHO

This cohort study uses a national administrative claims database of children with sepsis or nonsepsis hospitalization to assess whether sepsis is associated with the development and progression of comorbid conditions.

“But you have to say something“, admonished her jaded crime editor, vexation serving only to enhance both his proptosis and sundowner-crimson cheeks, his long-serving herring-bone jacket and corduroys at breaking point round his girth. These outbursts had become more familiar

Trends in the use of non-invasive respiratory support for term infants Brett Manley and colleagues report data from tertiary NICUs in the Australia and New Zealand Neonatal Network for the years 2010–2018. 14 656 inborn term (>37 weeks gestation) infants

To grow up in Latin America and the Caribbean is to know inequity, injustice, and hardship. The region is home to 106 million 10–19 year olds, maturing under the shadow of violence, gang culture, adolescent pregnancy, migration, and the effects

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision-making.

Even compared with ‘the sizzler in 36’, this summer would go down in the East Coast annals. It wasn’t just the relentless heat, the unbroken shimmer over the skyscraper backdrop, the drinking water considered too unreliable to be imported as

Estimates in 2019 put suicide as the fourth leading cause of death in adolescents aged 15–19 years. Additionally, a high number of children aged 6–12 years, mostly in high-income countries, experience suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviours. This shows the urgent

The Original Investigation titled “Developmental Variability in Autism Across 17 000 Autistic Individuals and 4000 Siblings Without an Autism Diagnosis,” published on July 18, 2022, was corrected to update the article’s Open Access status.

Outcomes of preterm infants In 2010, the Dutch practice regarding initiation of active treatment in extremely preterm infants was lowered from 25 completed weeks’ to 24 completed weeks’ gestation. The Editor’s choice for this issue is the EPI-DAF study, reported

In the ‘old days’, textbooks were the source of information and wisdom. They were solid chunks of black and white knowledge painstakingly written over many years, each chapter compiled by an authority in the field, often one suspects a friend

The pandemic has taught us to expect the unexpected. Clinicians, used to relying on decades of patient histories with proven diagnostic and treatment strategies, are having to channel their creativity and forge new networks with colleagues whose professional paths rarely

In the Original Investigation titled “Childhood Asthma Incidence, Early and Persistent Wheeze, and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Factors in the ECHO/CREW Consortium,” published online May 23, 2022, an author’s name contained errors in the byline and contributions section. The author’s name has

Rumours of the demise of the observational study have been grossly exaggerated So, maybe I’ve taken some artistic licence with Mark Twain’s original version, but this methodological ‘family’ deserved a fair backing. Take the cohort design: this may have had

Our planet is in crisis. Climate change is affecting every person on earth, with rising temperatures and sea levels, increased water and air pollution, and extreme weather events having an impact on our health, wellbeing, and stability. Children, in particular,

This systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the association of food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing with behavioral and health outcomes in children and adolescents.

Probiotics and the microbiome Paul Fleming addresses the question of whether it is time for neonatal units to provide probiotics routinely in the care of preterm infants. This editorial was commissioned in relation to a single centre report of outcomes

The view from here… On the edge of Islamabad, close to the start of the Karakoram highway and the Punjab- Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa border lies a semicircular range of mountains, the Margalla Hills. Densely forested and often engulfed in low cloud, which

Sub-Saharan Africa is facing an under-recognised burden of cancer and substantial failures in its oncology care systems. Deficiencies in care are pronounced for children with cancer, partly due to low prioritisation, with foundational issues exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In

This cohort study analyzes data for 1.9 million children to gauge the association of childhood medical complexity with health care service use and in-hospital mortality and assess the algorithms used for predictions.

Taking a second lookWarmia, Poland 1530s An extraordinary polymath called Nicolaus Copernicus is completing his work on heliocentricity, challenging (with support from both academic and theological colleagues) the ‘earth at the centre of the universe’ assumption Soho, London 1850s A

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are blighting the USA. Despite pandemic restrictions and limited testing capacity leading to a reduction in recorded STIs in early 2020, rates resurged once restrictions were lifted, and 2·4 million new cases were registered by the

Since the 1950s, neonatal intensive care practitioners have worked to preserve brain oxygenation. The physiological rationale that red blood cell (RBC) transfusion improved oxygen carrying capacity was a tantalizing prospect. In this issue of JAMA Pediatrics, Saito-Benz et al renew

Hurdlers Though (or maybe because) I was working in Khartoum, Sudan as events reached their climax, I still have vivid memories of the 1989 fall of ‘The Wall’ in Berlin, the city’s (and country’s) subsequent reunification and the catalytic effect

Pulse oximetry screening The use of pulse oximetry to screen newborn infants for the presence of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is now routine in many countries and is performed by more than 50% of UK neonatal services, but it

In this issue of JAMA Pediatrics, Catalá-López et al report the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the risk of mortality among persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their first-degree relatives. The takeaway

“Every war is a war against children”, said Eglantyne Jebb, the founder of Save the Children, in 1919. The past month’s escalating conflict and humanitarian crisis in Ukraine are devastating the rights and health of the country’s 7·5 million children.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of international research collaborations to quickly understand and successfully combat emerging and reemerging infectious pathogens globally. As SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, spread across the world, the number of collaborative international studies

In this issue of JAMA Pediatrics, Catalá-López et al report the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the risk of mortality among persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their first-degree relatives. The takeaway

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of international research collaborations to quickly understand and successfully combat emerging and reemerging infectious pathogens globally. As SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, spread across the world, the number of collaborative international studies

In this issue of JAMA Pediatrics, Catalá-López et al report the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the risk of mortality among persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their first-degree relatives. The takeaway

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of international research collaborations to quickly understand and successfully combat emerging and reemerging infectious pathogens globally. As SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, spread across the world, the number of collaborative international studies

In this issue of JAMA Pediatrics, Catalá-López et al report the findings of a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the risk of mortality among persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their first-degree relatives. The takeaway

The first taboo Events in Ukraine are so distressing, baffling and rapidly-evolving that we are still assimilating. There are many strands to potential support and, as these take shape the children there and their families will never be far from

2 years into the COVID-19 pandemic, we are humbled by the tireless work of our clinical and scientific colleagues who have treated and protected the world’s children. The clinical profile of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the young is now established: the

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of international research collaborations to quickly understand and successfully combat emerging and reemerging infectious pathogens globally. As SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, spread across the world, the number of collaborative international studies

Boland RA, Davis PG, Dawson JA, et al. Outcomes of infants born at 22–27 weeks’ gestation in Victoria according to outborn/inborn birth status (Archives of Disease in Childhood – Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2017;102:F153-F161). The authors have identified an error

Control: a brief revisit Let me start by clarifying that I’m not claiming novelty for a concept (the importance of control on life quality) in circulation at least since Aristotle’s halcyon period between 300 and 400 BC. I think, though,

Metabolic epidemics have been building for decades. They haven’t created sudden and disruptive effects, but their prevalence is vast, they pose risks for cardiovascular health and premature death, and multiple interventions have been advocated—and yet they remain epidemics.

In the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic, attention has drifted away from the endemic problem of firearm-related morbidity and mortality in the US. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported in 2019, the most recent year for which

Physical activity is essential for a child’s growth, development, wellbeing, and socialisation. However, children and adolescents with disabilities still face many barriers to full participation in physical activity, and they are less likely to meet 24-h healthy movement guidelines than

What the brochure says The WHO top ten list of threats to global health feature many directly relevant to children: climate change, pollution; vaccine hesitancy; dengue; COVID-19; influenza; antimicrobial resistance – all ‘deserving members’ of this unenviable top table, though

Background Iron-deficiency anaemia disproportionately affects children in low-income and middle-income areas; Western China is a prime example. Given the health risks associated with childhood anaemia and the large heterogeneity of published studies on this subject, we conducted a systematic review

Background and objective Low language ability in early childhood is a strong predictor of later psychopathology as well as reduced school readiness, lower educational attainment, employment problems and involvement with the criminal justice system. Assessment of early language development is

The epidemic of childhood obesity remains a significant public health challenge worldwide. In the US, rates of obesity among children of all age groups have tripled from the period 1976 to 1980 to the period 2015 to 2018. In nearly

Accessible, sustainable, nourishing food is a key ingredient of a stable and healthy society. With competing global crises demanding attention, it is easy to overlook one of the universal driving forces—food insecurity. Food insecurity acts in tandem with the climate

Vogue? The state of being ‘in vogue’ implies an ephemeral, transitory period where an idea, person, subject or even philosophy catches the broader eye and consciousness. The ‘entity’ enjoys a Warholian 15 min of fame before disappearing entirely or at

Optimising therapeutic hypothermia Using the National Neonatal Research Database, Lara Shipley and colleagues studied infants≥36 weeks gestation who were admitted to UK neonatal units with moderate or severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Between 2011 and 2016 there were 5059 infants.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the association of behavioral interventions with development of social functioning and social cognitive skills among children and adolescents with social deficits.

Sometimes, squares just don’t fit ‘He’s doing it again’—what a cryptic way to launch into what should be a gentle, easily digestible wind down as the year draws to a close. Perhaps though, not as knight’s move as it first

How much can we dare to hope for during the UN Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow, UK? Youth activists have helped increase attention to the climate crisis, but they are not hopeful that COP26 will bring the changes

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision making.

Figure 1.

Mendes de Oliveira and colleagues now report in the Journal that variants in GNAS exons that encode the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit (Gαs) have a strong genetic association with severe obesity, owing to reduced signaling by the melanocortin 4 receptor

For far too long, mental health has been seen, mistakenly, as synonymous with mental ill health. UNICEF’s report The State of the World’s Children 2021, launched on Oct 5 at the third Ministerial Mental Health Summit, builds on the growing

Bush JB, Cooley V, Perlman J, et al. NeoBeat offers rapid newborn heart rate assessment. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2021;106:550–2. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320901. This article has been corrected since it first published. The provenance and peer review statement has

20/20 vision There’s no doubt that trust is ‘won’ immediately in some circumstances and in young children is the default position. Usually, though, it has to be earned: and even when deserved it isn’t always granted. I wonder whether this

Autism spectrum disorder, a common neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in infancy, is characterized by deficits in social functioning and by repetitive–restrictive behaviors, such as repeated body movements, circumscribed interests, or resistance to change in routines. Pharmacologic…

Figure 1.

Mendes de Oliveira and colleagues now report in the Journal that variants in GNAS exons that encode the stimulatory G-protein alpha subunit (Gαs) have a strong genetic association with severe obesity, owing to reduced signaling by the melanocortin 4 receptor

This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the prevalence of Clostridioides difficile detection among asymptomatic children.

Structural birth defects are a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality among infants, observed in 1 in 33 births and accounting for 20.6% of infant deaths. Such defects result from complex interactions among the genome, the epigenome, and the environment.

Presentation of Case. Dr. Emma C. Materne (Pediatrics): A 12-month-old boy with Hirschsprung’s disease was admitted to this hospital because of fever. Fifteen days before the current admission, the patient had a temperature of 39.7°C. His parents noticed that he

To the Editor: Congenital syphilis, a life-threatening infection caused by the transmission of Treponema pallidum from a woman to her fetus during pregnancy, can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight, and infant death. Whereas many infants with

Literally literacy Though this issue won’t appear for another 3-4 weeks, given the painful events unravelling in Afghanistan, it would feel banal to the point of negligence to fail to ask ‘where are we going’ in terms of global human

The rates of mental illness in young people in the UK have dramatically risen. A 2021 report from the Children’s Commissioner showed that referrals for probable mental health disorders in UK children (aged 5–19 years) were up by 35% in

The mother clutches her daughter as the nebulized albuterol permeates the young girl’s airways. My eyes dart between the monitor and the child’s small, dark-skinned chest as it heaves up and down at an alarming rate. I smile reassuringly, but

Before my son left home on the first day of school, I took his photo — attempting, like generations of parents before me, to hit the “pause” button on life for a few seconds, capturing the start of a new

A Notice of Retraction about the article “Experimental Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Content in Inhaled Air With or Without Face Masks in Healthy Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial,” by Walach H, et al, has been published.

To the Editor: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children is often asymptomatic or results in only mild disease. Data on the extent of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from children and adolescents in the household setting, including transmission

Cystic fibrosis is a life-shortening autosomal recessive disease that affects more than 80,000 people worldwide. In cystic fibrosis, deficiencies in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, an epithelial anion channel, manifest as a complex multiorgan disease,…

To the Editor: Advancements in molecular diagnostics have led to the identification of a new class of pediatric gliomas — infantile hemispheric gliomas — that arise in the cerebral hemispheres and often are histologically confirmed to be malignant (World Health

Therapeutic creep in provision of hypothermia for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy Three articles relate to the changing practices of UK clinicians in the provision of therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). Lori Hage and colleagues report the clinical characteristics of

A vein of form In footballing vernacular (and I’m an ardent student) a ‘vein of form’ means a good run. For whatever reason ‘something’ gelled, continues to gel and there are no reasons to see an end to the gelling.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had huge indirect effects on health and health-care systems around the world, with one of the most severely affected being routine child immunisation services. A new report by WHO and UNICEF, published on July 15, outlines

On April 6, 2021, the Arkansas state legislature overrode a veto by the governor to pass legislation making it illegal for medical professionals to provide gender-affirming treatment to patients with gender dysphoria who are younger than 18 or to refer

This meta-analysis of individual participant data uses data from cohort studies to examine the association of very preterm birth or very low birth weight with intelligence in adulthood.

A 4-year-old girl was brought to the emergency department with a 4-day history of fever, cough, and lethargy. She was up to date with all childhood vaccinations. Three weeks earlier, she had had a presumed viral respiratory tract infection with

The 11-year-old girl knew that her mother had cancer, but it fell to me to tell her that the cancer had spread to her mother’s brain. The girl asked whether her mother would get better. “No,” I said, “but we’re

There is not one story of insulin; there are many. As a young child, Mr. J. lost his mother to what was presumed to be type 1 diabetes. He recalled taking whatever kinds of insulin he could get for his

Millions of children around the world will have spent today toiling in unsafe, unjust, and unregulated conditions. From 2000, progress towards eliminating child labour in all its forms was notable, but headway in achieving this Sustainable Development Goal by 2025

End of term report ‘Brown: you may discuss your report with the head now. You should know, there are some issues.’ Many of you will have similar recollections of mid-July during their schooldays. The annual feedback lurking, snake-like in the

As of May 21, 2021, the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has caused more than 165 million infections across all ages globally, as well as more than 3.4 million deaths. BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) is a Covid-19 vaccine containing nucleoside-modified messenger RNA

The prevalence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is approximately 1 in 4000 births, and in 85% of cases, the defect is on the left side. In congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intrathoracic herniation of the abdominal viscera impairs normal airway and pulmonary vascular

This editorial is dedicated to the hope that the new COVID-19 vaccines will be as successful as rotavirus vaccines in protecting against disease. Based on their high burden of mortality in low-income countries and hospitalization in the middle-income to high-income

In April 2020, practitioners first noted a temporal association between infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) as a rare but serious complication. Since that time, MIS-C has been reported to

As one of its signature priorities, the Trump administration implemented substantial changes to immigration policy, which profoundly affected the health and welfare of immigrant children and families. Actions by the Biden administration to end these policies are critically important, but

In April 2020, practitioners first noted a temporal association between infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) as a rare but serious complication. Since that time, MIS-C has been reported to

In the spring of 2020, the rapid emergence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) — a presumed postinfectious complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) — necessitated decisions regarding…

Maeda Y, Nakamura M, Ninomiya H, et al. Trends in intensive neonatal care during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2021;106:327–29. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320521 The authors have noticed an error in table 1 of their short

Survival of the fittest Our not-too-distant past is decorated with artefacts: strategies that became popular for perfectly tenable reasons, had a Warholian 15 min of (perfectly justified) fame and then, as new perspectives developed were consigned to the museums of

Since the sudden emergence of multisystem inflammatory disease in children (MIS-C) in April 2020 as a novel and severe presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), nearly 4000 cases of MIS-C and 35 deaths have been reported in the United States

In 2020, the size and severity of the world’s food crises reached a new peak in a global hunger surge that started 5 years ago. The Global Report on Food Crises, released on May 5, found that 155 million people

The prevalence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is approximately 1 in 4000 births, and in 85% of cases, the defect is on the left side. In congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intrathoracic herniation of the abdominal viscera impairs normal airway and pulmonary vascular

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a surgically correctable defect, but it causes pulmonary hypoplasia, which is characterized by underdeveloped airways and pulmonary vessels. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with a high risk of neonatal death and complications, mostly because of…

The prevalence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is approximately 1 in 4000 births, and in 85% of cases, the defect is on the left side. In congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intrathoracic herniation of the abdominal viscera impairs normal airway and pulmonary vascular

This national cohort study evaluates whether socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with autism spectrum disorder prevalence and the likelihood of accessing autism services in racial/ethnic minority groups and disadvantaged groups among school pupils in England.

To the Editor: Approximately 30 years after the start of the Human Genome Project, we sequenced the genome of an infant with encephalopathy in just over 11 hours. The results led to a clinical diagnosis of thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome

Severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (ADA-SCID) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in the accumulation of adenosine and deoxyadenosine, inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair, and substantial abnormalities of thymocyte development. Patients with…

Background Parental separation has been associated with adverse child mental health outcomes in the literature. For school-aged children, joint physical custody (JPC), that is, spending equal time in both parents’ homes after a divorce, has been associated with better health

On April 6, 2021, the Arkansas state legislature overrode a veto by the governor to pass legislation making it illegal for medical professionals to provide gender-affirming treatment to patients with gender dysphoria who are younger than 18 or to refer

Acute otitis media is one of the most common indications for both seeking medical care and prescribing antibiotics for children. The disorder is attributable to eustachian-tube dysfunction, which is most often caused by viral upper respiratory infections, and its prevalence

A level playing field I guess the ‘brochure’ never claimed that (much as we want it to be wrong) the world is balanced and equitable. As the selections illustrate, it is, though, what we should continue to aspire to –

Children need protecting. Most people would agree, but the implications vary wildly. On April 6, 2021, amid a flood of new bills to curb the rights of transgender and gender diverse (trans) youth in the USA, Arkansas became the first

Next to the common cold, acute otitis media is the most frequently diagnosed illness in children in the United States. Caused predominantly by Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, acute otitis media is also the leading indication for antimicrobial treatment

Acute otitis media is one of the most common indications for both seeking medical care and prescribing antibiotics for children. The disorder is attributable to eustachian-tube dysfunction, which is most often caused by viral upper respiratory infections, and its prevalence

Next to the common cold, acute otitis media is the most frequently diagnosed illness in children in the United States. Caused predominantly by Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, acute otitis media is also the leading indication for antimicrobial treatment

Severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (ADA-SCID) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in the accumulation of adenosine and deoxyadenosine, inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair, and substantial abnormalities of thymocyte development. Patients with…

We called it the “cold light.” It looked like a small blue button with a power cord attached to the end of it. At its center was a single round eye that emitted a light, crimson in color and piercing

Malignant high-grade glioma accounts for 8 to 10% of pediatric brain tumors and is regularly fatal, with a rapid course. Survival rates have not improved in 30 years; the 3-year event-free survival among patients with newly diagnosed tumors who are

Childhood undernutrition is a global health challenge that produces impaired ponderal and linear growth (wasting and stunting), immune and metabolic dysfunction, altered development of the central nervous system (CNS), and other abnormalities. Acute malnutrition in children is classified by the…

In deference to the equivocal A common (if not universal) human phenotype is the need for an answer—ideally a definitive, dichotomous one—a yes/no with no shades of grey. I don’t take sides on this nor am I being deliberately Machiavellian—conclusive

A preterm male infant was born at 26+0 weeks of gestation via caesarian section due to pre-eclampsia. Birth weight was 560 g (intrauterine growth restriction). He was vigorous at birth and was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit with

An outpouring of anger marked March, 2021, as thousands took to the streets to protest violence and discrimination against women. The contexts varied hugely across settings such as Turkey, Australia, Mexico, the UK, and the USA, but the frustration was

In a male neonate born at 37 weeks of gestation, a narrow stalk of small bowel and proximal colon protruded through a 1.5-cm defect in the abdominal wall. A diagnosis of gastroschisis had been made antenatally on the basis of

“How much longer?” is a question all too familiar to parents. This is also a question that scientists ask themselves when trying to find a truly effective treatment for patients with the Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and other genetic diseases.

This systematic review and network meta-analysis compares 4 umbilical cord management strategies for preterm infants: immediate cord clamping, delayed cord clamping, umbilical cord milking, and umbilical cord milking and delayed umbilical cord clamping.

For physicians in the 19th century, caring for sick infants and children still meant presiding at inevitable death after inevitable death. The organized public health struggle against infant mortality had not yet taken shape in 1883, when Dr. Rebecca Crumpler

A 16-year-old girl presented to her pediatrician for evaluation of recent weight gain, irritability, weakness, and skin changes. Her mother reported that her daughter’s grades at school had declined and that she had left the cheerleading team owing to fatigue.

For physicians in the 19th century, caring for sick infants and children still meant presiding at inevitable death after inevitable death. The organized public health struggle against infant mortality had not yet taken shape in 1883, when Dr. Rebecca Crumpler

Presentation of Case. Dr. Neil D. Fernandes (Pediatrics): A 16-year-old boy was admitted to this hospital because of headache, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The patient had been well until 17 months before this admission, when he began to have

In September 2008, Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman, and their colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania modified messenger RNA (mRNA) using nucleoside analogues. These modifications stabilized the molecule and eliminated its capacity for inducing innate immunity, thereby making mRNA a promising…

Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare, progressive, recessive neuromuscular disease that is caused by deletions or loss-of-function mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1), which result in insufficient levels of SMN protein. Humans have a paralogous gene

Presentation of Case. Dr. Alexandra T. Lucas (Pediatrics): A 19-year-old man was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of this hospital because of shock, multiple organ failure, and rash. The patient had been well until 20 hours before

21 July 1969 Collins wishes his colleagues, Aldrin and Armstrong, luck as they transfer to ‘the Eagle’. Some hours later, Armstrong places his foot on the lunar surface, declaring ‘…one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind’. The

In the past few decades, the growing demand for patient and public involvement in health research has meant that research about young people has increasingly shifted towards greater involvement of children and adolescents as co-creators of knowledge. On Feb 10,

Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare, progressive, recessive neuromuscular disease that is caused by deletions or loss-of-function mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1), which result in insufficient levels of SMN protein. Humans have a paralogous gene

Presentation of Case. Dr. Alexandra T. Lucas (Pediatrics): A 19-year-old man was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of this hospital because of shock, multiple organ failure, and rash. The patient had been well until 20 hours before

Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare, progressive, recessive neuromuscular disease that is caused by deletions or loss-of-function mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1), which result in insufficient levels of SMN protein. Humans have a paralogous gene

Presentation of Case. Dr. Alexandra T. Lucas (Pediatrics): A 19-year-old man was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of this hospital because of shock, multiple organ failure, and rash. The patient had been well until 20 hours before

Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare, progressive, recessive neuromuscular disease that is caused by deletions or loss-of-function mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1), which result in insufficient levels of SMN protein. Humans have a paralogous gene

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Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision making.

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Scene – 1953, provincial theatre: final act. Frisson of suspense ripples through audience. Main protagonist: detective inspector. ‘Why haven’t I realised before?’ Injured victim: ‘Why didn’t you just open your eyes’. Adversary-doppelgänger: Placing musket (softly but dramatically) on the floor. ‘So, you’ve finally foiled me. I thought

Imagine a highly contagious virus circulating in the community. Many infected children have fever and some general misery but recover without incident. Rarely, devastating complications occur, leading to hospitalization, severe illness, and occasional deaths. Susceptible adults fare worse, with…

Gaertner VD, Flemmer SA, Lorenz L, et al. Physical stimulation of newborn infants in the delivery room. Archives of Disease in Childhood- Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2018;103:F132-36. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-312311 The authors have noticed that the results in Table 1 were

Two decades ago, WHO and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness launched VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, a global initiative aiming to eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020. On Feb 16, The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global

Objective To ascertain the extent to which community paediatricians are involved in the care of children with mental health conditions in order to determine which difficulties are appropriate for single or joint surveillance by the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU)

Vaccination is a powerful method of disease prevention that is relevant to people of all ages and in all countries, as the Covid-19 pandemic illustrates. Vaccination can improve people’s chances of survival, protect communities from new and reemerging health threats,

Vision: JAMA Pediatrics will be the most respected source of information for investigators, providers, and policy makers seeking the highest quality evidence to guide decision making.

“Just that,” said the fox. “To me you are still nothing more than a little boy who is just like a hundred thousand other little boys. And I have no need of you. And you, on your part, have no

The mechanisms by which antigens specifically sensitize lymphocytes to induce immunity are well recognized. The past decade has witnessed an increased awareness of the importance of specific sensitization of monocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. This sensitization results from…

Sickle cell disease is a common inherited disease affecting approximately 100,000 persons in the United States; worldwide, about 400,000 infants are born with sickle cell disease each year. Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) is a variant of normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) that

Background The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is higher in Indonesia than in high-income countries. In order to reduce the incidence of the disease, a protocol on preventing, screening and treating ROP was published in Indonesia in 2010. To

A growing number of young people are worried, depressed, and angry about climate change. It isn’t hard to imagine why. It’s stressful enough to navigate emotional development and shifting identity, without the added apocalyptic backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic and

The Covid-19 pandemic has moved hunger out of the shadows in the United States. Record numbers of Americans, including one in four families with school-age children, don’t have reliable access to food. Congress has authorized several innovative programs and substantial

Objective Young febrile infants represent a vulnerable population at risk for serious bacterial infections (SBI). We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of components of the complete blood count in comparison with C-reactive protein (CRP) to predict SBI among febrile

What’s going on… It’s now almost exactly 50 years since the release of Marvin Gaye’s seminal album, one of the few records worthy of the accolade, the fruit of months of work with The Funk Brothers at the Hitsville USA

In 1920, during a meeting of the New York Pathological Society, James Ewing described an unusual tumor in a 14-year-old girl as a “diffuse endothelioma of bone.” The tumor had initially been diagnosed as an osteosarcoma, but its architecture, the

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To the Editor: In mid-March 2020, many countries decided to close schools in an attempt to limit the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Sweden was one of the few

Introduction Over the last 20 years, excess maternal pre-pregnancy weight (overweight and obesity) and gestational weight gain have become the most common morbidities in pregnancy. These morbidities may pose a threat to fetal immunological development through associated metabolic dysfunction and

This genetic association study evaluates changes in weight and body mass index associated with single-nucleotide variants in children with overweight and obesity.

The treatment of women with epilepsy during pregnancy requires a balance between maintaining stable control of maternal seizures and the potential adverse effects of some antiepileptic drugs on the developing fetus. Convulsive seizures are dangerous to both the mother and

Preterm birth is a leading cause of death in infants and children younger than 5 years of age globally. Infants born preterm are also at increased risk for a wide range of short-term and long-term respiratory, infectious, metabolic, and neurologic

In 1900, the year the U.S. Census Bureau created the first iteration of the U.S. birth certificate, nearly all births occurred at home, often attended by family members and midwives without specialized training. During the 20th century, as the medical

While COVID-19 has dominated conversations about health and the presidential election in 2020, the March of Dimes report card, released on Nov 17, reveals another health crisis in the USA. Infant and maternal mortality—two key indicators of population health—remain unacceptably